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Gupta period fast revision

Gupta Period: Golden Age of Ancient india

Ruler	Title	Achievement
Shree Gupta	Maharaj	Founder of gupta Dynasty
Chadragupta-1st	Maharajadhiraj	Real founder of Gupta dynasty He started The Gupta Era in AD 319-20
Samundragupta	Nepolian of India Kviraja	Victory over south indian rullers Victory over south indian rullers
Chandragupta-2nd	Vikramaditya	In his reign gupta's first capital is Pataliputra and second is Ujjaini Fahien visited india during this period
Kumargupta	Maharajadhiraj, Param-Bhattaraka Mahendraditya	Founder of Nalanda University (Bihar)
Skandagupta	Vikramaditya	Renovation of Sudarshan lake He defeated Hunas

Famous Temple of the Gupta Age

Temple	Location
Vishnu Temple	Tigawa (Jabalpur)
Shiva Tempale	Bhumara (Nagaud)
Parvati Temple	Nachna Kuthara
Dashavatara Temple	Deogarh (Jhansi)
Bhitargaon Temple	Bhitargaon
Jarasangh's Sitting	Rajgriha (Bihar)

Literature Of Gupta Period

Writer	Literature
Kalidasa	Vikramovarshiya, Malavikagnimitram, Raghuvansa, Ritusambharam,Meghdutam, Abhigyan Shakuntalam
Bhasa	Swapnavasavadatta, Charudatta and Pratignayaugandharayana
Vishakhadatta	Mudrarakshasa, Devichandraguptam
Shudraka	Mrichchakatika
Amarsimha	Amarkosha
Chandragomin	Chandravyakarana
Vishnu Sharma	Panchatantra, Hito padesha
Banbhatta	Harshcharita

Mauryan dynasty

Founder	Chandragupta Maurya (322 BC)
Capital	Pataliputa
Important Literature	Arthashastra (By Kautilya/Chanakya)
Greek traveller	Megasthenes(Greek Ambassador, who wrote 'Indica')
Construction of sudarshan lake	Chandragupta Maurya
Death of Chandragupta Maurya	shravanbelgola (298 BC)
Great Maurya samarat	Ashoka (273 BC)
One who decipher the ashoka edicts	James princep (1837 BC)
Famous battle of Ashoka	Battle of Kalinga (261 BC)
Titles of Ashoka	Devanampriya, priyadasi
scripts of Ashokan Edicts	Brahmi, Kharosthi, Unani and Armaik

Important officials of Mauryan Dynasty

officials	Post
Sannidhata	Chief Treassury Officer
Samaharta	The Collector General of Revenue
Gopa	Responsible for Acounts
Dandapal	Police Chief
Antapal	Chief of the Forntier Defence
Vyavaharika	Chief judge
Paura	Governer of the Capital

16 Mahajanapadas

Mahajanapadas

Mahajanapada	Capital	Modern Area
Kashi	Varanasi	District of Varanasi in UP
Anga	Chamanagari	Bhagalpur, Munger
Vajji	Vashali	Mithila,Vashali
Chedi	Suktimati	Bundelkhand area
Kuru	Hastinapur	Haryana
Matsya	Virat nagar	Alwar, Jaipur and Bharatpur
Assaka	Budanya	Western part of Pakistan
Gandhra	Takshashila	Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Kosala	Shravasti	Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich in UP
Magadh	Rajgrih	Patna, Gaya
Malla	Kushinagar	Gorakhpur, Basti Pawa
Vatsa	Kaushambi	Allahabad, Mirzapur
Panchala	Ahichhatra	Western UP
Surasena	Mathura	Braj Mandal
Awanti	Ujjain	Malwa Region
Kamboja	Rajpur	Eastern Pakistan

Fast revision history

Janism

Brief history of Mahavira

Titles	Mahavira, Nayaputra, Nirgrantha
Birth	540 BC
Place of Birth	Kundagram in Vashali
Father's name	Siddharta
Mother's name	Trishala(A Lichhavi Princes,sister of chetaka)
Wife	Yashoda
Clan	Nyaya(Jnatrika)
Enlightenment	Jimbikagram/ Rijupalika (River)
Death	468 BC, Pavapuri near Rajgrih

Three Jweles or Three Ways to attain Kaivalya

• Right knowledge (Samyak Gyan): Understanding of religious principles.
• Right Fath (Samyak Vishwas): Belief in Jains
• Right Action (Samyak karma): Observance of 5 vows

Jaina Councils

Council	Period	Place	Head	Consequence
1st Council	322-298 BC	Pataliputra	Sthulabhadra	Compilation of 12 Angas to replace the last 14 Purvas
2nd Council	AD 512	Vallabhi	Devardhi Kshamashramana	Final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 Upanags

Brief history of Gautama Buddha

Real Nmae	Sidhartha
Titles	Buddha, Shakya Muni
Father's Nmae	Shuddhodana
Mother's Name	Mahamaya
Wife	Yashodra
Son	Rahul

Great Event of Buddha's Life

Event	feature	Symbol
Birth	563 BC(Lumbini)	Lotus
Mahabhinishkramana (Renunciation)	At the age of 29	Horse
Nirvana (Enlightenment)	At the age of 35	Bodhi tree
Dharmachakra pravartana (First sermon)	Sarnath	Wheel
Mahaparinirvana (Death)	Kushinagar	Stupa

Teaching of Buddhism

• Three Jweles of Buddhism: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha
• Chatwari Arya Satyavi: Dukha, Dukh Samuday, Dukh Nirodha, Gamini Pratipada.

Buddhist Councils

Counsils	Year	Place	Chairman	King
First	483 BC	Rajgriha	Mahakasyapa	Ajatashatru
Second	383 BC	Vashali	sarbkamini	Kalashoka
Third	250 BC	Pataliputra	Mogaliputra Tiss	Ashoka
Fourth	72 AD	KundalaVan (Kashmir)	Vasumitra (Vice-Chairman; Ashvaghosa	Kanishka

INDIAN HISTORY

Pre- Historic Period

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Different age	Time Period	Important feature
paleolithic age	(500000-10000 BC)	Tools were usually made of hard rock 'quartize' This age was basically a hunting and food food gathering.
Mesolithic age	(10000-4000)	Earliest domestication of animals has been witnessed at Adamgarh (MP) three human skeltons in a single grave were recovered. Implements made up of bones and horns.
Neolithic Age	(7000- 1000 BC)	cultivation of cereals first started. First cereal used by man was barley.

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Indus valley Civilisation

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period -	2350 BC to 1750 BC (Bronze Age)
Important characteristics -	Urban Planning, Drainage system
Public places -	Great Bath, Granary
Construction Material -	Baked Bricks
society -	Matriarchal
Religious Beliefs -	Mother Goddess, Pashupati and Nature Worship

Major sites, rivers, excavators, and archaeological Finding of indus valley civilisation

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Site	River Bank	Excavator	Archaeological Finding
Harappa	Ravi	Daya Ram Sahni (1921)	Vanity box, Clay figures of mother goddess, stone symbols of lingum and yoni, six granaries in row
Mohenjodaro (Mound of dead)	Indus	Rakhaldas Banerji (1922)	Largest site of indus civilisation Great Bath, Great Granery, Mesopotamian seals, Pashupati Mahadeva seal and Porto-shiva.
Chanhudaro	Indus	N.G. majumdar (1931)	Bronze figurine of bullock cart and ekkas, lipstick and terracotta of figurine of a bullock cart (without citadel)
Kot Diji	Sindhu	Faizal Ahamad (1953)	Quiver made of stone.
Kalibangan	Ghaggar	Amalanand Ghosh(1953)	Ploughed field surface, Decorated bricks, Mesopotamian cylindrical seal.
Lothal	Bhagava	SR Rao (1954)	painted jar and Ancient port, Rice husk, Dockyard, Double burial, Iranian seal.
Rangpur	Madar	Ranganath Rao	Wheat cultivation, Rice husk
Ropar	Sutlej	Yagya Dutt Sharma	Evidence of buurying dog with man
Banawali	Ghaggar	RS Bisht (1974)	Toy plough, evidence of good quality of barley, Clay figures of Mother Goddess.

Vedic Age

Rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda

               

Rig Vedic Name	Modern Name	Rig Vedic Name	Modern Name
Sindhus	Indus	Vitasta	Jhelum
Ashkini	Chenab	Parushni	Ravi
Vipasa	Beas	Shatudri	Sutlej
Drishavati	Ghaggar	Suvasthu	Swat
Kubha	Kabul	Naditarna	Saraswati

Deities Mentioned in Rigveda

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God	Associated Field	God	Associated Field
Indra/ Purandra	Breake of Fort.	Vruna	Water God and upholder of natural order.
Agni	Fire God.	Surya	God with seven horse driven chariot.
Mitra	Solar God.	Pushan	God of marriage, also guarded roads
Rudra	God of animals.	Vishnu	One, who covered Earth in three steps-Upakrama

silicon controlled rectifier

SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR) OR THYRISTOR

The SCR is an unidirectional device and like diode, it allows current to flow in only one direction. but unlike diode, it has built in feature to switch ON and Off.

The switching action of SCR is controlled by the additional input called gate and biasing

This switching property of SCR allows to control the ON periods of the SCR so that the, average power deliver to the load can be controlled.

SCR can be used as a rectifier element like diode to convert AC signal to DC signals.

The SCR is a four layer p-n-p-n device where p and n layer is alternately arranged.

The output layers are heavily doped. there are three p-n junctions namely as j1, j2, j3.

the output P layer is called anode while outer n layer is called cathode middle P layer is called gate

symbol of SCR






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operation of SCR

when the gate is open

when the gate is closed